Fluid Mechanics Physics

Question 1. A piece of metal has a mass of 5.0 kg and a volume of 1000 cm3. [3 marks] a) Find the density of the metal. b) Would a 2000 cm3 piece of the same metal have the same density? c) What would the mass of the 2000 cm3 piece be? 2. Water expands when heated. If a beaker of water is heated from 10 C to 90 C, does the pressure at the bottom of the beaker increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain your reasoning. 3. Your friend who hasn't studied fluids wants to explore the bottom of a deep lake but can't afford SCUBA gear. He proposes that you hold one end of a garden hose in a boat while he fills his pockets with rocks and uses the hose to breathe. Explain to your friend why this is a bad idea. 4. A 2000 kg car rests on a platform that sits on a container of fluid. The platform has an area of 4 m2. At the other end of the container has a plunger of area 100 cm2. a) What pressure must be exerted by the fluid on the platform to keep the car at rest? b) What force must be exerted on the plunger to supply this pressure? 5. Water flows at a rate of 2.0 L/s through a pipe with a diameter of 10 cm. The pipe then goes up a height of 5m while narrowing to a diameter of 5 cm. What is the pressure gradient (the change in pressure) from the top to the bottom of the pipe? [hint: draw this and label with P1, v1, P2, v2 etc.) 6. A hurricane wind blows across the top of a flat roof measuring 12 m by 5m at a speed of 120 km/h. a) Is the air pressure above the roof higher or lower than the pressure inside the house? Explain. b) Find the pressure difference. c) How much force is exerted on the roof? If the roof's structure fails, will in blow in or blow out? 7. Astronauts are protected from the vacuum of space (P ~ 0) by either a thin suit or the walls of the spaceship. Movies often show the effects of a hull breach -- but people or objects are not sucked out -- they are blown out by the air inside the ship (at about 100 kPa of pressure). [4 marks] a) Estimate the force exerted by the air if the hole in the hull has a diameter of 1.0 m. b) How fast would the air exit the hole (consult Table 13.1 for density of air)? c) The International Space Station has 916 m3 of pressurized air. How long do the astronauts have to plug the hole before the station runs out of air? Answer: 1. We know that density = Mass/Volume In the given case, the mass of the metal = 5 kg Volume of the metal = 1000cm3 = 10-3 m3 Hence density = 5/10-3 = 5000 kg/m3 Density essentially depends on the material and since the 2000 cm3 piece is of the same metal, hence the density would be the same as calculated above. Volume of the given piece of metal = 2000cm3 = 2*10-3 m3 Density of the metal = 5000 kg/m3 Let the mass of the given piece be M kg Hence 5000 = M/2*10-3 which implies M= 10kg 2. In the given case, the pressure at the bottom of the beaker would stay the same since there is no change in the overall mass of the water and/or the depth which are the essential factors which would impact the pressure. 3. Clearly this is a bad idea since human lungs tend to get compressed when we go under water due to which air also becomes compressed and hence unable to automatically move air from a region of low pressure (i.e. at the end of the hose in air) to the region of high pressure (i.e. to the lungs submerged under the water). Normally this problem is resolved through diaphragm which tends to lower the lung pressure but this capacity is severely limited at depths of greater than 1m. In the given case, since my friend intends to go to the bottom of the case, clearly this is a bad idea since he will not be able to suck the outside air and thus this arrangement can prove to be fatal. 4. To keep the car at rest and maintain the equilibrium the pressure at the two points A1 and point A2 must be the same. Mass of the car = 2000 kg Total force exerted by the car = Mg = 2000*9.81 = 19620 N Total area of the platform = 4m2 Hence pressure at point A1 = 19620/4 = 4905 Pascal Hence this is the total pressure required to keep the car at rest. Let the requisite force exerted on the plunger be F The pressure at point A2 needs to be 4905 Pascal Area of contact at the plunger = 100cm2 = 10-2m2 Hence 4905 = F/10-2 which implies that F = 49.05 N 5. Since the volume is conserved hence volume at the bottom should be equal to the volume at the top. Let the speed at the bottom be Vb . Let the speed at the top be Vt Then *(100/4)*10-4 * Vb = 0.002 which implies Vb = 0.25m/s Further *(25/4)*10-4 * Vt = 0.002 which implies Vt = 1.02m/s Further applying the bernoullis equation we get the following Pt + ght + vt2 = Pb + ghb + vb2 Let us call Pb Pt = P or the pressure difference which is to be determined Hence P = g(ht - hb) + (vt2 - vb2) We are given that (ht - hb) = 5m , g assumed to be 9.81m/s2, for water = 1000kg/m3 P = 1000*9.81*5 + 500*(1.022 0.252) = 49.53 KPa 6. As per the Bernoullis theorem, since the air velocity above the roof is considerably higher than the velocity of air below the roof, hence it may be concluded that the pressure is higher inside the house. The pressure difference (P) can be calculated as shown below. p = (1/2)(d)(v2) Here d is the density of the air while v is the speed of the wind (m/s) In the given case d = 1.29 kg/m3 and v= 120kmph = 33.33m/s Putting these values in the above formula, we get p = 716 Pa If the roof structure fails, clearly the roof will flow out since the pressure outside the house is lower than that inside the house. We know Pressure = Force/Area Hence Force = Pressure *Area Area of the roof = 12*5 = 60m2 Force on the roof = 716*60 = 42960 N 7 Diameter of the hull = 1m Hence radius of the hull = 0.5m Area of the hull = (0.5)2 = 0.786 m2 Let the force be F We know F= Pressure * Area = 100000*0.785714 = 78571.4 N We use the following formula. p = (1/2)(d)(v2) Here d is the density of the air while v is the speed of the wind (m/s) In the given case d = 1.29 kg/m3 100000 = 0.5*1.29*v2 Solving the above, we get v= 393.75m/s Speed of air exiting the space station = 393.75m/s Area of the hull = 0.786 m2 Volume of air exiting the space station per second = 393.75 * 0.786 = 309.38m3 Total air in the space station = 916m3 Time available to astronauts to plug the hole = 916/309.38 = 2.96 seconds

Psychological Warfare In The Cyber Realm â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Psychological Warfare In The Cyber Realm? Answer: Introduction In this modern digital world, Information technology is playing very vital role in providing comforts by easing the way of work. However, there is always a bright side and dark side of any beneficial aspect similarly, there are certain security risks related to the application of information technology. There are various types of risks related to the information security; this report focuses on the Ransomware attack, which can be remarked as the trending risk in this field. It is threat that cannot be pushed away completely, in fact it is changing and evolving day by day as the technology is developing. There are several approaches, opinions, methods, and actions that can help in addressing the risk related to the ransomware attacks; however in real world the reality is that it is not if an individual will be affected, but when. Background Cybercriminals are not those who are trying to steal someones mail from the mailbox or about putting skimmers on ATMs. Cybercriminals are getting more advanced than that, which means cybercriminals are using more sophisticated technology to get the access to someones personal data without any authority (Clough, 2015). Ransomware can be stated as a form of cyberattack, which is made to obtain the data related to an individual or an organization and in exchange gain payment. There are several ways to encrypt the file that is being used by many attackers, however the common or predominantly uses the AES algorithm (Corrigan, 2017). Ransomware is spreading by the means of distribution of malicious files that contains malicious virus. The very recent example of such attempt is WannaCryransomware attack, which was successfully attempted and affected many of the organizations in all over the world. This attack also damaged many systems that cause loss of several data and information of more than a million people (Mansfield-Devine, 2017). According to the U.S. Government interagency report, it can be said that there are almost 4,000 ransomware attacks are being made daily from since 2016 and estimated that these attacks have been increased by 300% as, it was reported in 2015 that the attack rate was 1,000 in 2015. These attacks are being assumed that will keep on increasing like this growth rate. Another report presented by McAfeeTM depicts that just one ransomware made $121 million in the last year (Carlin, 2015). Risks and Security Concerns of Ransomware Loss of money: In order to get access to own data an individual or an organization had to pay the ransom to the hackers for the decryption of encryption that they had put on the files through intrusion. Kirk ransomware is the latest example in which the ransom wase paid by the means of Monero (Karaffa, 2017). Loss of money and not any data recovery: This is the top most risk in any ransomware attack in which there are chances that the hackers will not provide the decryption for the files even after receiving money. For example in WannaCry ransomware cyber attack many of the victims had to pay the ransom whereas most of them do not receive any decryption for their corrupted files. Data compromised: Even after receiving the data there are chances the data has been already compromised means if hackers have the access to the data then they have also access to manipulate them by exposing, deleting or editing, which is a serious risk that can affect the proper functioning of the organization (Kharraz et al., 2015). Encouraging cybercriminals: If an individual pays the ransom to the hackers it will encourage to make later attempts, which will not only affect the same organization rather it will affect rest of the organizations in the world too (Pathak Nanded, 2016). These intrusions can lead the intruders to access the operational related files and the access for the users by encrypting those files with unbreakable encryption, which cannot be decrypted by own. Generally it encrypted all types of the files including videos, documents, images, audio files, game extensions and many more. Each computer that had been infected by the virus can act as a botnet itself and can be used to infect other computers who are at the same network as well (Lipovsky, 2014). Encrypting the files is not the only action that goes on at that moment, but it also extracts the sensitive data related to the individual including username, email address, password and many more and sends them to the cybercriminals, which can be used in further case by them. These all activities raise the concern of security for the computers where the data has been being saved by the individuals or the organizations. CryptoLocker is one of the virus that is being used for such cases from deca des and is also known as police virus. This uses engineering techniques in order to trick the users into running it (Cabaj Mazurczyk, 2016). Generally it is sent in the form of the zip file and looks similarly as the organization uses to send files and ask the individual of that organization to open it. After getting downloaded into the system it starts hiding itself into the system in the profile of the user under LocalAppData or AppData (Beede, 2012). It registers itself into the system as a register key and coding ensures that whenever the computer restarts, it also runs every time and once the encryption is complete a popup arises with the demand of the ransom. These are the risks that raise computer security concerns and need of the better security approaches in order to protect the data and information that could cause serious loss. Strategies for Addressing the Risks There are various strategies for addressing the risks that rise in ransomware cyber-attacks, which can be listed as: Social engineering: taking care of personal credentials related to the personal accounts and bewaring of phishing. An individual should not expose the credentials to random phone calls from outside of the network (Sitting Singh, 2016). Security Awareness Training: With the perceptive of the organizational assets protection, security awareness training can play a vital role in mitigating these threats. This program will focus on the role of the employees in the information security and will ensure that the individual user knows the new tricks, scams, and trends. The goal of this program should be that the employees get educated about the defensive mechanism of the organization (Andre, 2017). Physical Security: Care should be provided to the computers and the laptops in order to confirm that it does not goes in wrong hands or any unauthorized user who can take benefits for personal use by harming the organization (Mishra, 2017). Authentication: There are three ways to make the network more secured firstly, implementation of two factor authentication that will help in protecting the network by asking passwords or OTP whenever the user log into the system. Secondly, saving complex passwords for the user or using randomly generated passwords. A user should must not use general passwords like name, date of birth or else rather it should use at least one uppercase letter (capital letter), a lowercase letter (small letters), a number and a symbol (*,#,_,@,!) in the whole password with. These measures will help in creating a very strong password that will be very difficult for the intruders to hack the password (Sawler, 2016). Password manager software can also be helpful for this purpose and will manage the passwords that have been used for different websites or servers by the user and allow to access with only one password. User Access Control: Limiting the internet usage for organizational work only and allowing access to websites that might infect the system like social media, gaming, online shopping, chatting and many more (Malhotra, 2015). Leverage tools are another option to manage the blocking website access. Anti-virus and Anti-Malware solutions: There should be always firewall and a supporting anti-virus into the system that can detect if any malicious file is being accessed or manipulating the program of the computer and ensures that it is deleted completely from the system (Piggin, 2016). There are various anti-virus are present in the market and individual should not just buy any one of them, proper research should be made before buying the anti-virus. Both firewall and anti-virus should be updated with the new version. Backup Solution: It is a very important activity towards tackling from the ransomware to always keep backup of the data and keep checking whether the system is working or not accordingly. Keeping backup at a goggle drive is not a very good idea rather the organization should have a application-to cloud service, or cloud-to-cloud service, or an on-premise storage unit like hard disks, SAN, drives, tapes and many more (Cook, 2017). System Maintenance: Many of the vulnerabilities occur due to the improper maintenance of the systems that are being used in the organization for saving data related to the operational activities. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that ransomware is a serious issue in the sector of the Information Technology (IT) related to the information security that is increasing in a very rapid manner and proper precautions should be provided on the preventive measures related to these issues. This can be the biggest loss for any organization to lose their data or not access to personal data and could lead to several delays in the production, supply or many other activities. This report focuses on the risks to the ransomware cyber-attacks to the organization or an individual on how this unwanted incident can cause damage to the assets and their intellectual property. Prevention of these risks are very necessary in order to be safe from such intrusions; this report focuses on some of the measures that could help in fighting back this unwanted situation or preventing them from being started. Personal awareness is also the most important approach towards these risks. Some of futu re trends in ransomware have been explained below. Every individual related to the data and information and using organizations network should be self-responsible about the preventive measures and should play their role with responsibility can be recommended in order to stop from letting such unwanted event and protect organizational assets. Future Trends Per Botnet Payout: there are the possibilities in future that botnets will be pushed out with the ransomware. This means that cybercriminals are hiring junior cybercriminals who are skilled with pushing botnets into the system. This implies that a small hacker would be able to breach into the databases and steal them and it is being named too Ransom as a Service. Public Works and Manufacturing: public works like water treatment facilities can face the intrusion as the hackers may hack the facility system and demand for the money and if not received payment they could start releasing more chlorine to the drinking water supplies. This way they will attack the government and can make ransom in exchange with the security of public. They could manipulate the equipments used for counting, measuring, or any analytical calculation and their formulas of the product ingredients and even there is the possibility of termination of power by them until the organization or government pays the ransom. Dentist and Healthcare Providers: It is already happening at this time but it can evolve and take a more advanced shape. Cybercriminals are educating themselves and trying to get the access with whom an organization or individual is working with and trying to trick them by infecting with virus. By the development of threats cybersecurity is also getting evolved and advanced in which prediction is being made in future the priority of each organization and the individual will be the cloud computing, which can be a better for sure preventive measure. Healthcares, federal agencies and other organizations have started storing data in physical storage devices along with the cloud storage as a backup plan if any ransomware breached their database References: Andre, T. (2017). Cybersecurity an enterprise risk issue.Healthcare Financial Management,71(2), 40-46. Beede, R. (2012).A Framework for Benevolent Computer Worms(Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder). Cabaj, K., Mazurczyk, W. (2016). Using software-defined networking for ransomware mitigation: the case of cryptowall.IEEE Network,30(6), 14-20. Carlin, J. P. (2015). Detect, Disrupt, Deter: A Whole-of-Government Approach to National Security Cyber Threats.Harv. Nat'l Sec. J.,7, 391. Clough, J. (2015).Principles of cybercrime. Cambridge University Press. Cook, R. (2017). Plenary IV: Keynote Speaker: FINRA President and CEO Robert Cook Wednesday, May 17 8: 45 am9: 45 am. Corrigan, K. (2017).Ransomware: A Growing Epidemic for Business(Doctoral dissertation, Utica College). Karaffa, C. (2017).Causation and Impact of Ransomware Infection in Large Organizations(Doctoral dissertation, Utica College). Kharraz, A., Robertson, W., Balzarotti, D., Bilge, L., Kirda, E. (2015, July). Cutting the gordian knot: A look under the hood of ransomware attacks. InInternational Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment(pp. 3-24). Springer, Cham. Lipovsky, R. (2014). Eset analyzes first android file-encrypting, tor-enabled ransomware.WeLiveSecurity. Malhotra, Y. (2015). Cybersecurity Cyber-Finance Risk Management: Strategies, Tactics, Operations, , Intelligence: Enterprise Risk Management to Model Risk Management: Understanding Vulnerabilities, Threats, Risk Mitigation (Presentation Slides). Mansfield-Devine, S. (2017). Leaks and ransomsthe key threats to healthcare organisations.Network Security,2017(6), 14-19. MISHRA, R. Strategies: To Defeat Ransomware Attacks. Piggin, R. (2016). Risk in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.ITNOW,58(3), 34-35. Sawler, D. R. (2016).Ransomware: Psychological warfare in the cyber realm(Doctoral dissertation, Utica College). Sittig, D. F., Singh, H. (2016). A socio-technical approach to preventing, mitigating, and recovering from ransomware attacks.Applied clinical informatics,7(2), 624.

A flat waterproof keyboard free essay sample

Schedule: Available now. Due 03/09/2014 11:59 PM EDT Top of Form Question 1 Select one answer. 10 points If you use your desktop computer only for doing schoolwork, which input and output device combination would be best from the options below (considering the best combination of cost, screen resolution, and keyboard design)? a gaming keyboard and a 27 LCD monitor a foldable keyboard and a 15 LCD monitor a wireless keyboard and a 24 LED monitor a split-style keyboard and a 30 LED monitor Question 2 Select one answer. 10 points In a situation where a handicapped person can only input data into the computer using a stylus or light pen, which keyboard configuration might be the solution? A keyboard with internal lighting to support work in low-light conditions. A keypad that is projected on an external flat surface. A flat waterproof keyboard. A split-style keyboard that separates and angles groups of keys into right- and left-hand portions. Question 3 Select one answer. 10 points Which device would not be appropriate for holding data, instructions, and information for future use? 1Tb external hard drive. Cloud storage CD or DVD 8Gb RAM Question 4 Select one answer. 10 points You are considering using cloud storage as your primary system for saving your data. What advantages does this storage media have over using your system’s hard drive or some other external media (external hard drive, flash drive, R/W disks) for storing your data? The cloud storage provider ensures that you have a backup of your data. The data is more secure in cloud storage than on your own storage devices. Cloud storage is definitely less expensive than the cost of a hard drive or external devices. You can always get to your data from anywhere. Question 5 Select one answer. 10 points Which device would be used to hold data, instructions, and information for future use? flash drive cloud storage hard drive none of the above; these are volatile storage devices all of the above; these are nonvolatile storage devices Question 6 Select one answer. 10 points Which of the following can be considered an output device? dot matrix printer wireless mouse joystick virtual keyboard Question 7 Select one answer. 10 points In this diagram of a simple home network, what appears to be missing? a server a modem an adapter card a router Question 8 Select one answer. 10 points One of the major advantages of installing a wireless network is: It does not require a modem to access the Internet. It is initially more secure than a wired network. It provides more flexibility than a wired network. It is faster than a wired network. Question 9 Select one answer. 10 points If you are going to install a completely wireless network in your home, each computer must have: a router a wireless adapter card a modem an Ethernet card Question 10 Select one answer. 10 points If you are going to network two computers together using cable connections, each computer must have: a modem a router a wireless adapter card an Ethernet interface card Question 11 Select one answer. 10 points How is data entered into the computer? using any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people using an electronic device that controls the timing of all peripherals connected to the system unit using a hardware component that allows submission of data or instructions. using the circuit board that interfaces with all external components attached to the CPU Question 12 Select one answer. 10 points A webcam would be considered an input device. True False Bottom of Form Bottom of Form

Crouching Tiger essays

Crouching Tiger essays Winner of four Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, "Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon" paved a new path for foreign language films in America. It was the dream of the director, Ang Lee, to one day produce a Chinese tradition film that depicted the fantasy world of martial arts with its own specific laws; where people can fly and almost anything can happen. Unlike most martial arts film in the industry base solely on fight scenes, Lee was able to have "Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon" a film that included the sense of fantasy, action, power, and romance. Yet, without the help of the whole cast, Lee's incredible dream would probably remain a fantasy only in his own mind. The setting of the film took place during the 19th century where China was left untouched by the western civilization while the Chinese tradition and its breathtaking landscape sworn the entire plains of main lands. Two excellent swordsman masters (Chow Yun fat and Michelle Yeoh) are challenged with the disappearance of the most treasured Green Destiny sword. The sword was stolen by a young aristocrat (Zhang Ziyi) who reveled her hidden talent of superb fighting skills by demonstrating it upon anyone who stepped in her way. Each warrior and fighter though tough and fierce in their appearance, at the end all have to face their weakness: the inescapable, enduring love. The most intriguing part of the film was the excellent choreographed fight scene. Both Lee and his fight choreographer Yuen Wo-Ping worked carefully together to bring out the best in Wusho martial arts. By simply adding traditional Chinese music into the fighting scenes such as the perpetual pounding of the drums, Lee was able to transform a simple scene into a beautiful artistic dance. Every move corresponded with each beat making it seems as the fighters were dancing to an musical score. The power and aggressiveness were still present in the scene, yet instead of harsh violent blow, each punch...

Political Conflict between Iran and Israel Research Proposal

Political Conflict between Iran and Israel - Research Proposal Example The Israeli government has presented considerable argument regarding Iran’s development of nuclear technology along with their funding and support for a number of terrorist organizations in the Middle East, and Israel’s response towards these circumstances may have been arousing opposition and suspicion among international governments, agencies, and military leaders (Perkowich, 2005). Their attack on Iran may yield devastating consequences on human life as well provoke political hostility and military violence as these war preparations have been considered as one of the largest threats to political stability and international peace. Moreover, Iran-Israel war can bring about adverse effects on the economic conditions of both countries as well as other affected nations. The nuclear program of Iraq has become one of the most important issues for the global community over the past years. Initially, in 1968, Iran signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty as they frequently claimed that their nuclear activities are intended for peaceful and productive outcomes. However, in 2003 to 2005, it was reported by an Iranian opposition group that the implementation of nuclear program violated the signed agreement; consequently, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) carried out several rigorous inspections, revealing that Iran has been involved in a number of implicit nuclear activities such as the enrichment of uranium and plutonium separation efforts over the past two decades. As Iran’s case was reported to the United Nations Council in 2006, it was formally demanded that the nuclear program drop its reprocessing and enrichment activities (Kemp, 2003). However, contrary to legal decisions, Iran did not suspend such processes. There has been an agreement in the global community, particularly among the United States, Russia, and Europe, that nuclear weapons should not be obtained by Iran. If this is to happen, other Middle East countries such as S yria, Saudi Arabia, or Egypt, may be encouraged to make use of nuclear weapons, hence further weakening an unstable region (Tarock, 1999). Policies in Iran, along with aggressive statements presented by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and other authorities in the country, have put forth the notion that nuclear weapons in Iran will pose considerable threats particularly to Israel. On the longer run, nuclear threats also await the United States, Russia, and Europe if Iran is to acquire long-range ballistic missiles and other nuclear weapons and resources. The current study, therefore, intends to examine the issue between Iran and Israel, particularly the impact of the former’s nuclear policies and program on the latter. It also aims to look into the consequences of Israel-Iran conflict on the economic performance of the Middle East and other affected nations.

Language Investigation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Investigation - Coursework Example Consideration of the written print in the newspapers about the language used by men and women is substantially credible to be accredited with the status of being spoken aloud. It is spoken aloud because it appeals to as many people that access it as possible. Repetto (2014) noted that it is a psychological issue determined at birth and that would explain the differences in communication styles between boys and girls. This language analysis will therefore focus on analyzing a collection of data between communication in males and female youth. Given that the males and females tend to behave differently, there is need to focus on the cause of the differences that are established. Communication is quite diverse. People communicate for various reasons and the same communication is expressed differently depending on the situations as stated in the introduction2. This research is therefore based on the hypothesis â€Å"the language used to advertise male and female products in magazines is different†. The main aim is to investigate the use of nouns as well as adjectives in advertisements expressed in English. This will be geared towards finding the gender differences in communication in these advertisement media. The main focus is to establish whether the gender differences likely to occur are in conformation with the expectations in behaviour in males and females. The materials for the methodology in this topic consist of magazines for males and others for females. In total, there are twelve adverts that are taken from the male and female magazines. For the magazines meant for the males, there is a collection of six adverts, two from cars and aeroplanes, two from international football and two from music electronics. The female magazines had six magazines too. Two were from ‘Lasting Romance’, two from ‘Breath That Love’ and the last two from ‘Te Amo’ Australian edition. All these are world-wide magazines. The

Under what conditions is abortion morally acceptable Essay

Under what conditions is abortion morally acceptable - Essay Example Under what conditions is abortion morally acceptable? On the other extreme, in the more liberal states region, there is the danger of abuse of the right to abortion by reckless, indulgent teenagers. This essay will argue that abortion must be exercised only under exceptional circumstances. Four key readings related to the topic are perused for constructing arguments. Dan Marquis’ essay â€Å"Why Abortion is Immoral† clearly suggests that the author looks cannot see any genuine moral grounds for permitting abortion. A central part of his essay is the idea of ‘potentiality’ of a developing fetus. Drawing analogy from the criminal justice system, he explains how the same moral justifications for condemning killing an adult should also apply for the fetus (irrespective of the period of gestation). This is so, Marquis argues, as terminating a fetus deprives it of all potential experience of life and happiness – the same rationale applied for sentencing those committing homicide. After all, if we merely believe, but do not understand, why killing adult human beings as ourselves is wrong, how could we conceivably show that abortion is either immoral or permissible† (Marquis, p.400) Marquis’ point is well taken, especially since he does not dogmatically cling to all the demands of the conservative camp. Marquis has no qualms about use of contraceptives, as it stands outside the concern with ‘killing’. Use of contraceptives is a preemptive act and does not interfere with the future (with all its potentialities) of a developing fetus. In contrast, what makes ‘killing’ wrong â€Å"is its effect on the victim. The loss of one’s life is one of the greatest losses one can suffer. The loss of one’s life deprives one of all the experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted one’s future†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Marquis, p.401) This is a meritorious argument and unless convincing ly proved false, it should serve as a primary clause for forbidding abortions. Hence, Marquis makes a persuasive case for abstaining from abortion. Mary Anne Warren’s article â€Å"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion† attempts to counter some of the claims made by Dan Marquis. She criticizes the ‘genetic code argument’, which states that since the genetic code or (DNA) of a fetus is the same as a fully formed human, the moral considerations in dealing with its termination will have be the same as those applied to adults. Though this argument is accurate from a biological viewpoint, it is too esoteric and removed from immediate factors governing an abortion decision. Warren then gives a brief treatise on the nature of personhood, an understanding of which is central to the topic of abortion. She argues that a fetus never acquires mature characteristics that would lead it to be thought of as a person in the legal and moral sense. To this point I would add that a fetus does not have the training, experience and mental development to conceive of its own future, thereby weakening claims of potential loss. According to Warren, the traits that are central to the concept of personhood (and by extension the applicability of moral considerations) are the following: â€Å"consciousness, reasoning, self-motivated activity, the capacity to communicate, the presence of